1
00:00:06,923 --> 00:00:10,260
The pay gap between men
and women around the world

2
00:00:10,343 --> 00:00:13,388
looks a little different
depending on how you measure it.

3
00:00:15,849 --> 00:00:20,437
In Poland, women earn 91 cents
for every dollar a man does.

4
00:00:20,520 --> 00:00:23,148
In Israel, it's 81 cents.

5
00:00:23,231 --> 00:00:27,110
In South Korea, women make
just 65 cents on the dollar.

6
00:00:27,193 --> 00:00:30,864
We know that just freeing
the potential of women,

7
00:00:30,947 --> 00:00:35,910
that is the fastest multiplier
that we have in terms of our growth.

8
00:00:35,994 --> 00:00:39,456
That is such an accelerator
in eradicating poverty.

9
00:00:39,539 --> 00:00:42,459
When you go to the store, you
don't get a woman's discount.

10
00:00:42,542 --> 00:00:44,794
You have to pay the same
as everybody else.

11
00:00:44,878 --> 00:00:47,714
So that comes out of your
family income.

12
00:00:48,173 --> 00:00:50,383
When someone mentions the pay gap,

13
00:00:50,467 --> 00:00:52,385
you often hear another phrase
as well.

14
00:00:52,469 --> 00:00:54,345
Equal pay...
For equal work.

15
00:00:54,429 --> 00:00:57,098
Equal pay...
For equal work.

16
00:00:57,182 --> 00:00:59,809
It makes it sound
like women are paid less

17
00:00:59,893 --> 00:01:01,394
for doing the same job as men,

18
00:01:01,478 --> 00:01:04,189
which means women are paid
less just for being women.

19
00:01:04,856 --> 00:01:07,525
There's a word for that, discrimination.

20
00:01:07,609 --> 00:01:11,196
But a huge body of research
from many countries shows

21
00:01:11,279 --> 00:01:14,491
that overt pay discrimination
only potentially explains

22
00:01:14,574 --> 00:01:16,409
a small part of the gender
pay gap.

23
00:01:16,493 --> 00:01:21,331
It's a real number, but it really,
actually tells you almost nothing

24
00:01:21,414 --> 00:01:25,210
about the real disparity
between men and women.

25
00:01:25,293 --> 00:01:28,671
Women aren't looking for a leg up.
They want equal opportunity

26
00:01:28,755 --> 00:01:31,049
and equal pay. Big difference.

27
00:01:31,132 --> 00:01:34,094
If you want to change culture,
you can't sit down and wait.

28
00:01:34,177 --> 00:01:35,762
You must do something about it.

29
00:01:35,845 --> 00:01:39,307
So, if it's not all about discrimination,

30
00:01:39,390 --> 00:01:43,853
why are women around the world
paid so much less than men?

31
00:01:43,937 --> 00:01:48,316
The woman who works at a career has
chosen to ignore that the woman's place...

32
00:01:50,318 --> 00:01:52,946
It doesn't matter if you have
a female or male body,

33
00:01:53,029 --> 00:01:54,697
they should be paid accordingly.

34
00:01:56,616 --> 00:01:59,035
I see some really advanced
clerical work.

35
00:01:59,119 --> 00:02:02,205
Pays women 80 cents
for every dollar it pays men.

36
00:02:02,288 --> 00:02:05,375
This is our time to stand up
to have our voices heard.

37
00:02:05,458 --> 00:02:07,127
And women will lead this country.

38
00:02:07,210 --> 00:02:08,753
That's what this is all about.

39
00:02:14,425 --> 00:02:18,096
The story in the United States
is similar to a lot of countries.

40
00:02:18,179 --> 00:02:21,391
It wasn't very long ago that most
women, especially white women,

41
00:02:21,474 --> 00:02:23,601
didn't work outside the home
at all.

42
00:02:24,144 --> 00:02:26,020
When you go back to the 1950s,

43
00:02:26,104 --> 00:02:29,190
there weren't very many women
in the workforce.

44
00:02:29,274 --> 00:02:33,695
The women there were were often
not as well educated as the men.

45
00:02:33,778 --> 00:02:35,947
They either didn't finish college,

46
00:02:36,030 --> 00:02:38,992
or they didn't have the same
credentials in college,

47
00:02:39,075 --> 00:02:40,743
or hadn't gone to college at all.

48
00:02:40,827 --> 00:02:43,997
Most of the women in my
neighborhood did not work.

49
00:02:44,080 --> 00:02:45,290
My mother did not work.

50
00:02:45,373 --> 00:02:50,545
The only women that I saw in
professional roles were teachers.

51
00:02:50,628 --> 00:02:52,714
Most women didn't get that far.

52
00:02:52,797 --> 00:02:56,968
Seventy percent had menial jobs on
factory assembly lines or in offices.

53
00:02:57,051 --> 00:03:00,805
Women workers don't mind
routine, repetitive work,

54
00:03:00,889 --> 00:03:04,142
and they're good on work that
requires high finger dexterity.

55
00:03:04,225 --> 00:03:07,979
People understood that a woman
might need to earn a little money,

56
00:03:08,062 --> 00:03:09,647
but a career? That was for men.

57
00:03:09,731 --> 00:03:12,609
Your high score on the
clerical aptitude test

58
00:03:12,692 --> 00:03:15,195
indicates that you can become
a good secretary.

59
00:03:15,695 --> 00:03:18,114
Discrimination was also
totally legal,

60
00:03:18,198 --> 00:03:22,118
allowing employers to put out
job listings for men only.

61
00:03:22,660 --> 00:03:23,953
When I was growing up,

62
00:03:24,037 --> 00:03:26,998
I knew one woman lawyer. One.

63
00:03:27,081 --> 00:03:28,875
I never met a woman doctor.

64
00:03:28,958 --> 00:03:32,086
I couldn't have even imagined
women engineers.

65
00:03:32,503 --> 00:03:35,798
The pay gap hovered
around 60 cents on the dollar.

66
00:03:35,882 --> 00:03:38,468
It was caused by several
interconnected factors,

67
00:03:38,551 --> 00:03:40,553
like lower female education rates,

68
00:03:40,637 --> 00:03:43,223
women not being in the workforce
in big numbers,

69
00:03:43,306 --> 00:03:45,808
grouping in traditionally
feminine industries,

70
00:03:45,892 --> 00:03:49,229
and the fact that it was perfectly
legal to pay women less,

71
00:03:49,312 --> 00:03:52,941
and then a slew of cultural norms
about gender roles and aptitudes.

72
00:03:53,024 --> 00:03:55,568
These were the major explanations
for the pay gap.

73
00:03:56,778 --> 00:04:00,114
And then, in just a few decades,
things changed.

74
00:04:00,198 --> 00:04:03,284
Sisterhood is powerful!
Join us now!

75
00:04:03,368 --> 00:04:06,162
The battle cry of the women's
liberation movement

76
00:04:06,246 --> 00:04:08,539
rings out down New York's
Fifth Avenue.

77
00:04:08,623 --> 00:04:12,126
First woman to receive the
highest honor of the National...

78
00:04:12,210 --> 00:04:14,587
The House broke into
spontaneous applause.

79
00:04:14,671 --> 00:04:16,673
Benazir Bhutto,
the new prime minister.

80
00:04:16,756 --> 00:04:19,467
This is the first American
woman in space.

81
00:04:20,677 --> 00:04:23,096
First woman nominated
to the Supreme Court.

82
00:04:23,179 --> 00:04:26,015
First woman ever to run
on a Presidential ticket.

83
00:04:26,099 --> 00:04:29,978
My candidacy has said to women,
"The doors of opportunity are open."

84
00:04:30,061 --> 00:04:33,564
Women are out-earning men in
college degrees and advanced degrees.

85
00:04:33,648 --> 00:04:36,442
Women are engaged
to bring the next generation.

86
00:04:36,526 --> 00:04:38,152
For the first time in history,

87
00:04:38,236 --> 00:04:41,155
women are actually outnumbering
men in the workplace.

88
00:04:42,156 --> 00:04:44,659
This was just a sea change

89
00:04:44,742 --> 00:04:49,289
to see women competing for scholarships
I couldn't have competed for,

90
00:04:49,372 --> 00:04:52,375
going to schools
that were not open to women,

91
00:04:52,458 --> 00:04:54,544
taking on jobs that were
closed to women.

92
00:04:54,627 --> 00:04:59,382
That's changed... Just... Unbelievably.

93
00:04:59,465 --> 00:05:02,802
Many of the factors that were
causing the pay gap shrunk,

94
00:05:02,885 --> 00:05:04,220
except for one.

95
00:05:04,304 --> 00:05:08,933
But what has stayed
is that women bear children.

96
00:05:09,017 --> 00:05:11,561
They are assumed
to be the primary caregiver.

97
00:05:12,020 --> 00:05:15,732
Even as women became doctors,
and lawyers, and heads of state,

98
00:05:15,815 --> 00:05:18,151
the popular expectation
remained in society

99
00:05:18,234 --> 00:05:21,446
that they would still do most
of the work of raising children.

100
00:05:21,529 --> 00:05:23,906
In the United States, in the UK, even
in progressive Scandinavian countries,

101
00:05:26,451 --> 00:05:29,203
surveys today show only a
fraction of the population

102
00:05:29,287 --> 00:05:32,582
thinks women should work full-time
when they have young kids.

103
00:05:32,665 --> 00:05:35,376
When it comes to men,
the expectation flips.

104
00:05:36,044 --> 00:05:40,048
Seventy percent of Americans think
that new fathers should work full-time.

105
00:05:40,131 --> 00:05:42,759
There still is a considerable
percentage of people,

106
00:05:42,842 --> 00:05:45,970
not just in our country, but
around the world, who really think

107
00:05:46,054 --> 00:05:48,723
once you're a mom, you
shouldn't be in the workplace.

108
00:05:48,806 --> 00:05:52,935
And that's been proven wrong, short-sighted over and over again.
I learned, after I went back, when my time was constrained,

109
00:05:57,231 --> 00:05:59,233
not by my employer, but by me,

110
00:05:59,317 --> 00:06:03,404
because I wanted to get home to
that baby and spend time with her,

111
00:06:03,488 --> 00:06:06,949
that I could actually get a
lot of work done in 15 minutes.

112
00:06:07,033 --> 00:06:10,411
Like, I would take
any opportunity to work.

113
00:06:10,495 --> 00:06:16,209
I've become, I think, a much better
employee since I've had children.

114
00:06:16,292 --> 00:06:20,046
Even when a mother does work full-time just like her male partner,
she spends nine hours a week more than him on childcare and housework.

115
00:06:24,509 --> 00:06:26,511
Over a year, that's the equivalent

116
00:06:26,594 --> 00:06:29,013
of an extra three months
of a full-time job.

117
00:06:29,097 --> 00:06:31,474
This is the heart of the pay gap,

118
00:06:31,557 --> 00:06:34,268
and to understand why,
it helps to follow the story

119
00:06:34,352 --> 00:06:37,021
of a young couple just
starting out on their careers.

120
00:06:37,105 --> 00:06:40,441
I often think about the trajectories

121
00:06:40,525 --> 00:06:42,652
of the many law students I taught.

122
00:06:42,735 --> 00:06:44,737
They look exactly the same.

123
00:06:44,821 --> 00:06:48,574
They have the same educational
record, the same experience.

124
00:06:48,658 --> 00:06:51,994
And then you watch what
starts to happen

125
00:06:52,078 --> 00:06:56,499
as they hit their late 20s,
early 30s, childbearing years,

126
00:06:56,582 --> 00:06:59,335
and they start thinking
about having children.

127
00:06:59,419 --> 00:07:03,256
If they have children, at that
point, somebody has to be home.

128
00:07:03,339 --> 00:07:05,508
You can have lots of childcare,

129
00:07:05,591 --> 00:07:12,265
but a parent needs to be at home for
those situations that needs a parent.

130
00:07:13,474 --> 00:07:15,476
So he's likely to get promoted.

131
00:07:17,645 --> 00:07:22,233
She, on the other hand, has had to
turn down some of those assignments,

132
00:07:22,316 --> 00:07:24,318
say no to some of that travel.

133
00:07:24,402 --> 00:07:27,447
So eight years out, ten years out,

134
00:07:27,530 --> 00:07:31,993
typically, he's then a partner, and
he can do lots of things from there.

135
00:07:32,076 --> 00:07:35,455
She hasn't made partner.
She's not earning the same.

136
00:07:35,538 --> 00:07:38,749
She's working flexibly,
or even part-time,

137
00:07:38,833 --> 00:07:43,045
and from there, her earning potential
and his just keep diverging.

138
00:07:44,005 --> 00:07:47,300
This is the story the data
tells us in study after study

139
00:07:47,383 --> 00:07:49,218
in a variety of different countries.

140
00:07:49,302 --> 00:07:51,512
One Danish study
did an especially good job

141
00:07:51,596 --> 00:07:54,098
of showing how childbirth
affects earnings.

142
00:07:54,849 --> 00:07:56,893
Here's a man's pay trajectory.

143
00:07:57,435 --> 00:07:59,604
Watch what happens when his
child is born.

144
00:08:00,813 --> 00:08:03,024
Here's the woman's trajectory.

145
00:08:04,192 --> 00:08:07,195
So then if you compare the
earnings of a woman with kids

146
00:08:07,278 --> 00:08:09,197
to a woman without kids,

147
00:08:09,280 --> 00:08:12,575
you can see that the pay gap
isn't as much about being a woman

148
00:08:12,658 --> 00:08:14,827
as it is about being a mom.

149
00:08:14,911 --> 00:08:19,540
The gender gap really is between
women with children and everybody else.

150
00:08:19,624 --> 00:08:26,047
Women who are not caregivers
earn 96% of every dollar.

151
00:08:26,130 --> 00:08:28,132
It's a motherhood penalty.

152
00:08:28,216 --> 00:08:30,885
Some mothers don't see this
as a problem.

153
00:08:30,968 --> 00:08:33,387
They want to spend more time
with their children.

154
00:08:33,471 --> 00:08:35,431
They don't mind
if it means making less.

155
00:08:35,515 --> 00:08:39,227
Some women make a job choice based
on the fact they want to have families.

156
00:08:39,310 --> 00:08:40,686
Nothing wrong with that.

157
00:08:40,770 --> 00:08:45,733
Presenting it as, you know,
a penalty is kind of denying

158
00:08:45,816 --> 00:08:49,403
first, that women make that choice,

159
00:08:49,487 --> 00:08:52,740
but also that there's
some extreme value...

160
00:08:52,823 --> 00:08:56,911
Not just for the children, the family,
but also for the women making that choice.

161
00:08:56,994 --> 00:09:02,083
A pay gap based on choices,
you know, is different

162
00:09:02,166 --> 00:09:04,877
than a pay gap that's just
because you're a woman,

163
00:09:04,961 --> 00:09:08,839
and you just can't get equal pay
for doing the same thing a guy does.

164
00:09:08,923 --> 00:09:12,343
But often, women and men
don't get the same choices.

165
00:09:12,426 --> 00:09:17,014
In the US, there are three times
as many single moms as single dads.

166
00:09:17,098 --> 00:09:19,684
And growing up,
most of us get the message

167
00:09:19,767 --> 00:09:22,770
that caregiving is more
of a woman's job than a man's.

168
00:09:22,853 --> 00:09:27,733
Take, for example, a 1980s advice column
about how to decorate your desk at work

169
00:09:27,817 --> 00:09:29,443
that still rings true today.

170
00:09:29,527 --> 00:09:32,530
Someone wrote in and said,
"I've just gotten a big promotion,

171
00:09:32,613 --> 00:09:35,116
so I'll have my own work space
for the first time.

172
00:09:35,199 --> 00:09:37,952
How should I decorate it?"
And here was the answer,

173
00:09:38,035 --> 00:09:41,581
"I can't tell from your initials
whether you're a man or a woman,

174
00:09:41,664 --> 00:09:44,208
and the answer depends upon
which you are.

175
00:09:44,292 --> 00:09:48,296
If you're a man, and you have a family,
plaster your office with family pictures,

176
00:09:48,379 --> 00:09:51,048
because people will think you're a very good provider.
If you're a woman, and you have children,

177
00:09:53,884 --> 00:09:57,555
don't put pictures up in your
office of your family,

178
00:09:57,638 --> 00:10:01,058
because people will think you
can't keep your mind on your work."

179
00:10:01,142 --> 00:10:04,729
The roots of this issue go deep
to how we understand family

180
00:10:04,812 --> 00:10:06,397
and mothers and fathers.

181
00:10:06,480 --> 00:10:08,774
It's why the gap is so hard
to close.

182
00:10:09,817 --> 00:10:11,319
But it's not impossible.

183
00:10:11,861 --> 00:10:14,071
Two countries, Iceland and Rwanda,

184
00:10:14,155 --> 00:10:17,908
have almost closed their wage
gaps, and in just a few decades.

185
00:10:17,992 --> 00:10:21,120
And looking at these two cases
reveals important lessons

186
00:10:21,203 --> 00:10:23,456
about what it takes to create
a society

187
00:10:23,539 --> 00:10:26,000
where women are paid
almost the same as men.

188
00:10:26,667 --> 00:10:29,462
Rwanda is one of the poorest
nations on Earth,

189
00:10:29,545 --> 00:10:33,341
and until just a few decades ago,
women were denied many basic rights.

190
00:10:33,424 --> 00:10:35,134
Before 1994,

191
00:10:35,217 --> 00:10:37,595
women were not allowed to speak in public.
Married women were not allowed

192
00:10:40,139 --> 00:10:44,018
to open a bank account without
the authorization of their husbands.

193
00:10:44,101 --> 00:10:47,188
But in 1994, everything changed.

194
00:10:47,772 --> 00:10:51,776
The fifth day of carnage and bloodshed
in the Central African nation of Rwanda.

195
00:10:51,859 --> 00:10:54,153
Thousands of people
are feared dead tonight...

196
00:10:54,236 --> 00:10:57,490
The fiercest fighting yet in the
Central African nation of Rwanda.

197
00:10:57,573 --> 00:11:01,035
In just three months,
800,000 people were murdered.

198
00:11:01,452 --> 00:11:03,913
Losing my dad and my three brothers,

199
00:11:03,996 --> 00:11:06,374
I survived with my mom and my sister.

200
00:11:06,457 --> 00:11:11,212
After the violence, the Rwandan
population was 60 to 70% women.

201
00:11:11,295 --> 00:11:15,841
It destroyed completely the
social fabric.

202
00:11:15,925 --> 00:11:20,304
You do anything you can do to survive.

203
00:11:20,721 --> 00:11:22,431
The shortage of men meant

204
00:11:22,515 --> 00:11:25,434
that women had to step into the
workforce in huge numbers,

205
00:11:25,518 --> 00:11:28,813
taking on jobs that a year earlier
would have been unheard of.

206
00:11:28,896 --> 00:11:34,819
You'll find a woman who was police,
for instance, or in the military.

207
00:11:34,902 --> 00:11:39,240
Gradually, women were found,
like, being a mayor, a governor.

208
00:11:39,323 --> 00:11:44,120
Women actually were helping
to change, you know, the country.

209
00:11:44,203 --> 00:11:47,790
The new government realized
that to rebuild Rwanda,

210
00:11:47,873 --> 00:11:49,542
they needed women.

211
00:11:49,625 --> 00:11:52,545
So they immediately implemented
a host of new policies

212
00:11:52,628 --> 00:11:55,214
aimed at getting more women
into positions of power.

213
00:11:55,798 --> 00:11:57,800
The preamble to the new Constitution

214
00:11:57,883 --> 00:12:01,137
included a commitment to equal
rights between men and women,

215
00:12:01,220 --> 00:12:06,475
stipulating that 30% of representatives
at all levels of government be women.

216
00:12:06,600 --> 00:12:10,813
Today in Rwanda, women hold 61%
of the seats in Parliament,

217
00:12:10,896 --> 00:12:13,065
the highest in the world.

218
00:12:13,149 --> 00:12:16,444
They have a labor force
participation rate of 88%.

219
00:12:17,069 --> 00:12:19,363
Rwanda is one of the few countries

220
00:12:19,447 --> 00:12:23,200
where a woman is just as likely
as a man to work outside the home.

221
00:12:23,284 --> 00:12:26,287
The Constitution also created
the position of gender monitor,

222
00:12:26,370 --> 00:12:28,622
who ensures that public
programs are complying

223
00:12:28,706 --> 00:12:30,875
with the country's goals
of gender equality.

224
00:12:30,958 --> 00:12:33,085
A young girl in Rwanda
doesn't think

225
00:12:33,169 --> 00:12:36,547
that there is anything
that she's not allowed to do.

226
00:12:36,630 --> 00:12:38,507
They don't have to grow in a system

227
00:12:38,591 --> 00:12:41,135
where they think there will
be a ceiling somewhere.

228
00:12:41,218 --> 00:12:43,637
This cultural shift around
gender began

229
00:12:43,721 --> 00:12:46,265
as a survival mechanism
after the genocide.

230
00:12:46,348 --> 00:12:48,768
But thanks to aggressive policies,

231
00:12:48,851 --> 00:12:51,937
Rwanda has achieved lasting progress in closing the
gap. The World Economic Forum puts Rwanda's pay gap

232
00:12:55,191 --> 00:12:57,109
at 86 cents on the dollar.

233
00:12:59,153 --> 00:13:02,865
Much further north, the small
island nation of Iceland

234
00:13:02,948 --> 00:13:06,076
has also made major strides
towards closing the pay gap.

235
00:13:06,535 --> 00:13:08,954
But they took a different path
towards equality.

236
00:13:09,038 --> 00:13:11,999
The real turning point came
in 1975.

237
00:13:17,546 --> 00:13:19,507
The year before I was born,

238
00:13:19,590 --> 00:13:22,343
the women of Iceland actually
left their workplaces

239
00:13:22,426 --> 00:13:25,930
and went out in the streets in order
to object to the gender pay gap.

240
00:13:30,893 --> 00:13:35,397
Without them in their jobs,
businesses could not stay open,

241
00:13:35,481 --> 00:13:38,025
and it started a huge
grassroots wave

242
00:13:38,108 --> 00:13:40,861
that, you know, slowly
started changing society.

243
00:13:45,533 --> 00:13:47,326
The first result was really

244
00:13:47,409 --> 00:13:50,412
that women became a lot more
visible in the political field.

245
00:13:51,121 --> 00:13:53,791
In 1980, five years after the strike,

246
00:13:53,874 --> 00:13:57,920
Iceland voted in the world's first
democratically-elected female president.

247
00:13:58,003 --> 00:14:02,383
Iceland. Hurray! Hurray!

248
00:14:02,466 --> 00:14:06,095
The number of women in the
Icelandic Parliament skyrocketed.

249
00:14:06,178 --> 00:14:10,140
Then really, in the years to
follow, you see policy changes.

250
00:14:10,724 --> 00:14:14,395
In 1981, Iceland passed a law
that required employers

251
00:14:14,478 --> 00:14:17,356
to provide new mothers
three months of paid leave.

252
00:14:17,439 --> 00:14:20,234
That was extended to six
months in 1988.

253
00:14:20,860 --> 00:14:24,280
Guaranteed maternity leave
was a novel idea at the time,

254
00:14:24,363 --> 00:14:27,199
and Iceland's was one of the
most generous in the world.

255
00:14:29,535 --> 00:14:31,579
But as progressive as this
law was,

256
00:14:31,662 --> 00:14:35,541
it encouraged moms to stay home
while new fathers kept working,

257
00:14:35,624 --> 00:14:38,669
reinforcing cultural norms
at the heart of the pay gap

258
00:14:38,752 --> 00:14:41,255
that women are caregivers,
and men are not.

259
00:14:42,339 --> 00:14:44,341
So lawmakers did something radical.

260
00:14:44,758 --> 00:14:47,428
What if they gave parental
leave to dads

261
00:14:47,511 --> 00:14:49,722
and made it a use it or lose
it benefit,

262
00:14:49,805 --> 00:14:51,891
so dads would feel pressure
to take it?

263
00:14:51,974 --> 00:14:54,727
Iceland passed that law in
the year 2000.

264
00:14:54,810 --> 00:14:58,439
Obligational paternity leave
has made a difference

265
00:14:59,148 --> 00:15:01,984
in the culture of men in Iceland,

266
00:15:02,067 --> 00:15:03,569
a very positive difference.

267
00:15:03,652 --> 00:15:05,487
The men of the youngest generations,

268
00:15:05,571 --> 00:15:09,283
they expect to take time off
to take care of their children.

269
00:15:09,366 --> 00:15:11,368
Which really makes all the difference,

270
00:15:11,952 --> 00:15:14,121
both at home, but also in the
job market,

271
00:15:14,204 --> 00:15:16,040
because now you can actually expect,

272
00:15:16,123 --> 00:15:18,959
if you're hiring a young man
or a young woman,

273
00:15:19,043 --> 00:15:21,795
both will take maternity
or paternity leave.

274
00:15:22,212 --> 00:15:26,634
In 2004, the pay gap in Iceland was
about the same as it was in the US,

275
00:15:26,717 --> 00:15:28,510
but in the years that followed,

276
00:15:28,594 --> 00:15:31,263
Iceland's gender pay gap shrank,
to where today,

277
00:15:31,347 --> 00:15:35,100
women in Iceland make about 90
cents on every dollar a man does.

278
00:15:36,894 --> 00:15:40,105
So we know that narrowing the
gender wage gap isn't impossible.

279
00:15:40,522 --> 00:15:43,943
But these kind of family-friendly
policies might come with tradeoffs

280
00:15:44,026 --> 00:15:45,569
that we don't immediately see.

281
00:15:45,653 --> 00:15:48,072
These are benefits.

282
00:15:48,155 --> 00:15:51,659
Having more of these choices
available are great things.

283
00:15:51,742 --> 00:15:55,663
We should not expect them
to come for free.

284
00:15:55,746 --> 00:15:58,248
Some women elect to have children.
Some don't.

285
00:15:58,374 --> 00:16:01,126
And some men elect to have children.
Some don't.

286
00:16:01,210 --> 00:16:04,296
Can I look at the person who
elected not to have children

287
00:16:04,380 --> 00:16:06,548
and say, "You gotta pay for
it in some way"?

288
00:16:06,632 --> 00:16:09,551
If a mother takes off a lot
of time,

289
00:16:09,635 --> 00:16:13,722
what does the small business person
do who only has three employees?

290
00:16:13,806 --> 00:16:15,516
I don't want to penalize a mother,

291
00:16:15,599 --> 00:16:18,310
but you don't want to penalize
a small business owner.

292
00:16:18,394 --> 00:16:21,855
It's not the same
with a giant corporation,

293
00:16:21,939 --> 00:16:24,233
because they have
enormously more flexibility

294
00:16:24,316 --> 00:16:27,194
in filling positions, and it
doesn't hurt the bottom line.

295
00:16:27,277 --> 00:16:28,696
While it may not be

296
00:16:28,779 --> 00:16:31,156
the biggest reason
women are paid less than men,

297
00:16:31,240 --> 00:16:34,326
and it varies significantly
across countries and industries,

298
00:16:34,410 --> 00:16:36,996
women still don't get
equal pay for equal work.

299
00:16:37,079 --> 00:16:41,458
There is an irreducible percentage
that is due to discrimination.

300
00:16:41,542 --> 00:16:48,173
It's just very clear that much
of what the workplace favors...

301
00:16:49,091 --> 00:16:50,009
Favors men.

302
00:16:50,092 --> 00:16:52,720
I've watched it
in many different settings

303
00:16:52,803 --> 00:16:55,681
where, you know,
the guy you talk sports with,

304
00:16:55,764 --> 00:16:57,433
the guy you go golfing with,

305
00:16:57,558 --> 00:17:01,645
he's somebody you get more familiar
with, and you're comfortable around.

306
00:17:01,729 --> 00:17:05,232
But that kind of discrimination
has declined over the decades

307
00:17:05,315 --> 00:17:08,694
as more women entered the workplace,
and the culture shifted.

308
00:17:08,777 --> 00:17:12,364
Changing the expectation that women
should be the ones to raise children

309
00:17:12,448 --> 00:17:14,992
will require another cultural shift.

310
00:17:15,075 --> 00:17:17,411
And in the view of many
who work on this issue,

311
00:17:17,494 --> 00:17:19,163
that shift begins with men.

312
00:17:19,246 --> 00:17:25,044
Until we think of men and women
as both caregivers and breadwinners,

313
00:17:25,127 --> 00:17:26,462
we're not gonna get there,

314
00:17:26,545 --> 00:17:29,465
because as long
as it's a woman problem...

315
00:17:30,257 --> 00:17:34,219
Then we are reinforcing that
stereotype that care is her job.

316
00:17:34,303 --> 00:17:39,558
It'll only be less of a burden on women
when men feel comfortable saying,

317
00:17:39,641 --> 00:17:43,562
"I'm going to a parent-teacher conference.
I'm not leaving it to my wife."

318
00:17:43,645 --> 00:17:46,106
Or, "I really wanna go
to the well-baby check-up.

319
00:17:46,190 --> 00:17:48,859
They're getting their vaccinations.
I wanna be there."

320
00:17:48,942 --> 00:17:52,488
The wage gap is not just a woman's
issue. It's a family issue.