1
00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:01,000
Thousands of kilometers away,

2
00:00:01,501 --> 00:00:04,904
800 to 1,000 liters of water
are consumed

3
00:00:05,004 --> 00:00:07,406
per person per day.

4
00:00:07,606 --> 00:00:10,809
Las Vegas was built out of the desert.

5
00:00:10,909 --> 00:00:13,211
Millions of people live there.

6
00:00:13,412 --> 00:00:15,914
Thousands more arrive every month.

7
00:00:16,114 --> 00:00:20,618
Its inhabitants are among the biggest
water consumers in the world.

8
00:00:32,028 --> 00:00:35,732
Palm Springs is another desert city
with tropical vegetation

9
00:00:35,932 --> 00:00:37,834
and lush golf courses.

10
00:00:41,036 --> 00:00:44,740
How long can this mirage
continue to prosper?

11
00:00:48,743 --> 00:00:51,546
The Earth cannot keep up.

12
00:00:52,447 --> 00:00:55,650
The Colorado River,
which brings water to these cities,

13
00:00:55,850 --> 00:00:58,852
is one of those rivers
that no longer reaches the sea.

14
00:01:00,454 --> 00:01:05,558
Water levels in the catchment lakes
along its course are plummeting.

15
00:01:16,969 --> 00:01:22,874
Water shortages could affect nearly
2 billion people before 2025.

16
00:01:49,498 --> 00:01:53,802
The wetlands represent
6% of the surface of the planet.

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00:01:54,302 --> 00:01:57,605
Under their calm waters
lies a veritable factory,

18
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where plants and micro-organisms
patiently filter the water

19
00:02:01,909 --> 00:02:04,311
and digest all the pollution.

20
00:02:05,312 --> 00:02:09,316
These marshes are indispensable
environments for the regeneration

21
00:02:09,516 --> 00:02:12,018
and purification of water.

22
00:02:12,218 --> 00:02:16,122
They are sponges
that regulate the flow of water.

23
00:02:16,322 --> 00:02:17,323
They absorb it in the wet season

24
00:02:18,324 --> 00:02:20,826
and release it in the dry season.

25
00:02:50,653 --> 00:02:52,955
In our race to conquer more land,

26
00:02:53,055 --> 00:02:56,558
we have reclaimed them
as pasture for livestock,

27
00:02:56,858 --> 00:03:00,161
or as land for agriculture or building.

28
00:03:01,963 --> 00:03:06,467
In the last century,
half the world's marshes were drained.

29
00:03:06,767 --> 00:03:10,971
We know neither their richness
nor their role.

30
00:03:16,676 --> 00:03:19,178
All living matter is linked.

31
00:03:19,378 --> 00:03:24,183
Water, air, soil, trees.

32
00:03:24,283 --> 00:03:28,987
The world's magic
is right in front of our eyes.

33
00:03:39,496 --> 00:03:44,000
Trees breathe groundwater
into the atmosphere as light mist.

34
00:03:44,101 --> 00:03:48,404
They form a canopy that alleviates
the impact of heavy rains.

35
00:03:48,605 --> 00:03:52,808
The forests provide the humidity
that is necessary for life.

36
00:03:55,411 --> 00:03:56,912
They store carbon,

37
00:03:57,112 --> 00:04:00,515
containing more
than all the Earth's atmosphere.

38
00:04:01,316 --> 00:04:07,121
They are the cornerstone of the climatic
balance on which we all depend.

39
00:04:15,629 --> 00:04:18,431
The primary forests provide a habitat

40
00:04:18,631 --> 00:04:21,734
for three-quarters
of the planet's biodiversity,

41
00:04:22,135 --> 00:04:25,738
that is to say,
of all life on Earth.

42
00:04:34,746 --> 00:04:38,249
These forests provide the remedies
that cure us.

43
00:04:38,449 --> 00:04:43,454
The substances secreted by these plants
can be recognized by our bodies.

44
00:04:43,654 --> 00:04:46,356
Our cells talk the same language.

45
00:04:46,556 --> 00:04:49,459
We are of the same family.

46
00:05:07,976 --> 00:05:11,078
But in barely 40 years,
the world's largest rainforest,

47
00:05:11,879 --> 00:05:16,183
the Amazon,
has been reduced by 20%.

48
00:05:28,594 --> 00:05:32,498
The forest gives way to cattle ranches
or soybean farms.

49
00:05:32,698 --> 00:05:37,102
95% of these soybeans are used
to feed livestock and poultry

50
00:05:37,202 --> 00:05:39,003
in Europe and Asia.

51
00:05:39,204 --> 00:05:42,306
And so, a forest is turned into meat.

52
00:05:54,117 --> 00:05:57,620
Barely 20 years ago, Borneo,
the 4th largest island

53
00:05:57,820 --> 00:06:01,824
in the world,
was covered by a vast primary forest.

54
00:06:01,924 --> 00:06:04,326
At the current rate of deforestation,

55
00:06:04,426 --> 00:06:07,729
it will have disappeared
within 10 years.

56
00:06:13,635 --> 00:06:17,438
Living matter
bonds water, air, earth and the sun.

57
00:06:18,939 --> 00:06:22,142
In Borneo, this bond has been broken

58
00:06:22,342 --> 00:06:27,047
in what was one of the Earth's
greatest reservoirs of biodiversity.

59
00:06:36,755 --> 00:06:40,659
This catastrophe was provoked
by the decision to produce palm oil,

60
00:06:40,759 --> 00:06:45,463
one of the most productive and consumed
oils in the world, on Borneo.

61
00:06:46,064 --> 00:06:50,167
Palm oil not only caters
to our growing demand for food,

62
00:06:50,267 --> 00:06:55,672
but also cosmetics, detergents
and, increasingly, alternative fuels.

63
00:06:56,273 --> 00:07:00,577
The forest's diversity was replaced
by a single species, the oil palm.

64
00:07:00,617 --> 00:07:04,080
For local people,
it provides employment.

65
00:07:04,280 --> 00:07:07,183
It's an agricultural industry.

66
00:07:11,286 --> 00:07:15,290
Another example of massive deforestation
is the eucalyptus.

67
00:07:15,390 --> 00:07:18,292
Eucalyptus is used to make paper pulp.

68
00:07:18,393 --> 00:07:21,696
Plantations are growing
as demand for paper has increased

69
00:07:21,896 --> 00:07:24,298
fivefold in 50 years.

70
00:07:24,598 --> 00:07:28,101
One forest
does not replace another forest.

71
00:07:28,502 --> 00:07:30,503
At the foot of these eucalyptus trees,

72
00:07:30,704 --> 00:07:35,908
nothing grows because their leaves form
a toxic bed for most other plants.

73
00:07:39,011 --> 00:07:43,015
They grow quickly,
but exhaust water reserves.

74
00:07:44,816 --> 00:07:47,118
Soybeans, palm oil,

75
00:07:47,318 --> 00:07:48,620
eucalyptus trees...

76
00:07:48,660 --> 00:07:54,525
Deforestation destroys the essential
to produce the superfluous.

77
00:07:54,725 --> 00:07:56,026
But elsewhere,

78
00:07:56,327 --> 00:07:59,830
deforestation is a last resort
to survive.

79
00:08:08,738 --> 00:08:10,539
Over 2 billion people,

80
00:08:11,440 --> 00:08:13,842
almost one third
of the world's population,

81
00:08:14,042 --> 00:08:16,845
still depend on charcoal.

82
00:08:17,546 --> 00:08:18,747
In Haiti,

83
00:08:18,947 --> 00:08:21,249
one of the world's poorest countries,

84
00:08:21,349 --> 00:08:24,952
charcoal is one of the population's
main consumables.

85
00:08:26,854 --> 00:08:29,356
Once the "pearl of the Caribbean",

86
00:08:29,456 --> 00:08:34,060
Haiti can no longer feed
its population without foreign aid.

87
00:08:38,064 --> 00:08:42,568
On the hills of Haiti,
only 2% of the forests are left.

88
00:08:44,069 --> 00:08:45,871
Stripped bare,

89
00:08:46,071 --> 00:08:47,873
nothing holds the soils back.

90
00:08:48,473 --> 00:08:52,477
The rainwater washes them
down the hillsides as far as the sea.

91
00:08:52,577 --> 00:08:56,480
What's left is increasingly
unsuitable for agriculture.

92
00:09:03,987 --> 00:09:08,391
In some parts of Madagascar,
the erosion is spectacular.

93
00:09:08,792 --> 00:09:13,396
Whole hillsides bear deep gashes
hundreds of meters wide.

94
00:09:13,996 --> 00:09:17,800
Thin and fragile,
soil is made by living matter.

95
00:09:18,300 --> 00:09:21,103
With erosion,
the fine layer of humus,

96
00:09:21,303 --> 00:09:25,206
which took thousands of years to form,
disappears.

97
00:09:52,130 --> 00:09:55,233
Here's one theory of the story
of the Rapanui,

98
00:09:55,433 --> 00:09:57,435
the inhabitants of Easter Island,

99
00:09:57,535 --> 00:10:00,238
that could perhaps
give us pause for thought.

100
00:10:00,738 --> 00:10:03,841
Living on the most isolated island
in the world,

101
00:10:03,941 --> 00:10:08,445
the Rapanui exploited their resources
until there was nothing left.

102
00:10:08,945 --> 00:10:11,748
Their civilization did not survive.

103
00:10:11,788 --> 00:10:16,452
On these lands stood
the highest palm trees in the world.

104
00:10:16,652 --> 00:10:18,454
They have disappeared.

105
00:10:18,554 --> 00:10:21,557
The Rapanui
chopped them all down for lumber.

106
00:10:21,657 --> 00:10:23,959
They then faced
widespread soil erosion.

107
00:10:27,062 --> 00:10:32,266
The Rapanui could no longer go fishing.
There were no trees to build canoes.

108
00:10:37,871 --> 00:10:42,676
Yet the Rapanui formed one of the most
brilliant civilizations in the Pacific.

109
00:10:42,876 --> 00:10:46,779
Innovative farmers, sculptors,
exceptional navigators,

110
00:10:46,980 --> 00:10:51,484
they were caught in the vise of
overpopulation and dwindling resources.

111
00:10:52,484 --> 00:10:56,988
They experienced social unrest,
revolts and famine.

112
00:10:57,089 --> 00:11:00,492
Many did not survive the cataclysm.

113
00:11:19,709 --> 00:11:24,713
The real mystery of Easter Island is not
how its strange statues got there,

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00:11:24,914 --> 00:11:26,215
we know now.

115
00:11:26,415 --> 00:11:29,818
It is why the Rapanui
didn't react in time.

116
00:11:37,525 --> 00:11:43,030
It's only one of a number of theories,
but it has particular relevance today.

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00:12:00,946 --> 00:12:05,950
Since 1950, the world's population
has almost tripled.

118
00:12:06,050 --> 00:12:07,652
And since 1950,

119
00:12:07,752 --> 00:12:11,455
we have more fundamentally
altered our island, the Earth,

120
00:12:11,655 --> 00:12:15,959
than in all
of our 200,000-year history.

121
00:12:16,059 --> 00:12:19,863
Nigeria is the biggest oil exporter
in Africa,

122
00:12:20,063 --> 00:12:24,767
yet 70% of the population
lives under the poverty line.

123
00:12:25,768 --> 00:12:30,873
The wealth is there, but the country's
inhabitants don't have access to it.

124
00:12:31,073 --> 00:12:33,375
The same is true all over the globe.

125
00:12:33,575 --> 00:12:37,979
Half the world's poor
live in resource-rich countries.

126
00:12:42,283 --> 00:12:46,487
Our mode of development
has not fulfilled its promises.

127
00:12:46,587 --> 00:12:52,492
In 50 years, the gap between rich
and poor has grown wider than ever.

128
00:12:53,193 --> 00:12:54,194
Today,

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00:12:54,294 --> 00:13:00,499
half the world's wealth is in the hands
of the richest 2% of the population.

130
00:13:06,905 --> 00:13:10,308
Can such disparities be maintained?

131
00:13:11,009 --> 00:13:13,511
They are the cause
of population movements

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00:13:13,711 --> 00:13:16,614
whose scale we have yet
to fully realize.

133
00:13:17,114 --> 00:13:22,219
The city of Lagos
had a population of 700,000 in 1960.

134
00:13:22,919 --> 00:13:27,523
That will rise to 16 million by 2025.

135
00:13:27,623 --> 00:13:31,827
Lagos is one of the fastest growing
megalopolises in the world.

136
00:13:32,027 --> 00:13:35,531
The new arrivals are mostly farmers
forced off the land

137
00:13:35,731 --> 00:13:40,535
for economic or demographic reasons,
or because of diminishing resources.

138
00:13:40,735 --> 00:13:43,638
This is a radically new type
of urban growth,

139
00:13:43,838 --> 00:13:48,142
driven by the urge to survive
rather than to prosper.

140
00:13:53,347 --> 00:13:59,152
Every week, over a million people swell
the populations of the world's cities.

141
00:14:04,356 --> 00:14:10,162
1 human in 6 now lives in a precarious,
unhealthy, overpopulated environment

142
00:14:10,362 --> 00:14:16,167
without access to daily necessities,
such as water, sanitation, electricity.

143
00:14:50,998 --> 00:14:53,000
Hunger is spreading once more.

144
00:14:53,200 --> 00:14:56,403
It affects nearly 1 billion people.

145
00:15:28,332 --> 00:15:33,136
All over the planet, the poorest
scrabble to survive, while we continue

146
00:15:33,336 --> 00:15:37,039
to dig for resources
that we can no longer live without.

147
00:15:37,240 --> 00:15:39,442
We look farther and farther afield

148
00:15:39,542 --> 00:15:41,944
in previously unspoilt territory

149
00:15:42,144 --> 00:15:46,448
and in regions that are
increasingly difficult to exploit.

150
00:15:53,054 --> 00:15:55,256
We're not changing our model.

151
00:15:56,257 --> 00:15:58,459
Oil might run out?

152
00:15:58,659 --> 00:16:02,462
We can still extract oil
from the tar sands of Canada.

153
00:16:02,662 --> 00:16:07,467
The biggest trucks in the world
move thousands of tons of sand.

154
00:16:07,767 --> 00:16:11,170
The process of heating
and separating bitumen from the sand

155
00:16:11,270 --> 00:16:14,573
requires millions
of cubic meters of water.

156
00:16:14,773 --> 00:16:17,175
Colossal amounts of energy are needed.

157
00:16:17,276 --> 00:16:19,978
The pollution is catastrophic.

158
00:16:20,178 --> 00:16:22,480
The most urgent priority, apparently,

159
00:16:22,680 --> 00:16:26,184
is to pick every pocket of sunlight.

160
00:16:59,313 --> 00:17:02,116
Our oil tankers
are getting bigger and bigger.

161
00:17:02,316 --> 00:17:05,519
Our energy requirements
are constantly increasing.

162
00:17:05,719 --> 00:17:08,121
We try to power growth
like a bottomless oven

163
00:17:08,161 --> 00:17:12,325
that demands more and more fuel.

164
00:17:28,239 --> 00:17:29,941
It's all about carbon.

165
00:17:30,141 --> 00:17:34,144
In a few decades, the carbon
that made our atmosphere a furnace

166
00:17:34,345 --> 00:17:39,349
and that nature captured over millions
of years, allowing life to develop,

167
00:17:39,449 --> 00:17:42,052
will have largely been pumped back out.

168
00:17:42,252 --> 00:17:45,555
The atmosphere is heating up.

169
00:17:45,755 --> 00:17:50,559
It would have been inconceivable for
a boat to be here just a few years ago.

170
00:17:51,260 --> 00:17:55,664
Transport, industry,
deforestation, agriculture...

171
00:17:56,064 --> 00:18:00,168
Our activities release gigantic
quantities of carbon dioxide.

172
00:18:00,868 --> 00:18:04,372
Without realizing it,
molecule by molecule,

173
00:18:04,472 --> 00:18:07,975
we have upset
the Earth's climatic balance.

174
00:18:11,478 --> 00:18:14,380
All eyes are on the poles,

175
00:18:15,281 --> 00:18:18,885
where the effects of global warming
are most visible.

176
00:18:20,286 --> 00:18:22,588
It's happening fast, very fast.

177
00:18:23,188 --> 00:18:28,193
The north-west passage that connects
America, Europe and Asia via the pole,

178
00:18:28,393 --> 00:18:29,794
is opening up.

179
00:18:30,395 --> 00:18:32,897
The arctic ice cap is melting.

180
00:18:35,700 --> 00:18:37,701
Under the effect of global warming,

181
00:18:37,902 --> 00:18:42,906
the ice cap has lost
40% of its thickness in 40 years.

182
00:18:43,106 --> 00:18:47,810
Its surface area in the summer
shrinks year by year.

183
00:18:48,711 --> 00:18:52,314
It could disappear
in the summer months by 2030.

184
00:18:52,515 --> 00:18:55,117
Some say 2015.

185
00:19:06,928 --> 00:19:10,431
The sunbeams that the ice sheet
previously reflected back

186
00:19:10,531 --> 00:19:14,034
now penetrate the dark water,
heating it up.

187
00:19:14,234 --> 00:19:17,437
The warming process gathers pace.

188
00:19:26,045 --> 00:19:29,448
This ice contains the records
of our planet.

189
00:19:29,648 --> 00:19:33,151
The concentration of carbon dioxide
hasn't been so high

190
00:19:33,351 --> 00:19:36,054
for several hundred thousand years.

191
00:19:37,855 --> 00:19:41,258
Humanity has never lived
in an atmosphere like this.

192
00:19:53,669 --> 00:19:58,974
Is excessive exploitation of resources
threatening the lives of every species?

193
00:19:59,475 --> 00:20:00,976
Climate change

194
00:20:01,076 --> 00:20:02,678
accentuates the threat.

195
00:20:02,878 --> 00:20:06,581
By 2050,
a quarter of the Earth's species

196
00:20:06,681 --> 00:20:09,283
could be threatened with extinction.

197
00:20:09,323 --> 00:20:11,686
In these polar regions,

198
00:20:11,886 --> 00:20:15,389
the balance of nature
has already been disrupted.

199
00:21:50,674 --> 00:21:51,976
Around the North Pole,

200
00:21:52,176 --> 00:21:57,581
the ice cap has lost 30%
of its surface area in 30 years.

201
00:21:58,982 --> 00:22:01,284
But as Greenland
rapidly becomes warmer,

202
00:22:01,484 --> 00:22:06,889
the freshwater of a whole continent
flows into the salt water of the oceans.

203
00:22:18,599 --> 00:22:24,004
Greenland's ice contains 20%
of the freshwater of the whole planet.

204
00:22:25,005 --> 00:22:29,910
If it melts,
sea levels will rise by nearly 7 meters.

205
00:22:45,123 --> 00:22:48,026
But there is no industry here.

206
00:22:48,826 --> 00:22:51,729
Greenland's ice sheet suffers
from greenhouse gases

207
00:22:51,829 --> 00:22:54,031
emitted elsewhere on Earth.

208
00:22:57,234 --> 00:23:00,537
Our ecosystem doesn't have borders.

209
00:23:00,637 --> 00:23:01,938
Wherever we are,

210
00:23:02,138 --> 00:23:05,541
our actions have repercussions
on the whole Earth.

211
00:23:05,642 --> 00:23:09,745
Our planet's atmosphere
is an indivisible whole.

212
00:23:09,845 --> 00:23:12,948
It is an asset we share.

213
00:23:15,751 --> 00:23:19,154
In Greenland,
lakes are appearing on the landscape.

214
00:23:20,054 --> 00:23:24,558
The ice cap is melting at a speed
even the most pessimistic scientists

215
00:23:24,659 --> 00:23:27,861
did not envision 10 years ago.

216
00:23:36,870 --> 00:23:40,573
More and more of these glacier-fed
rivers are merging together

217
00:23:40,673 --> 00:23:43,075
and burrowing though the surface.

218
00:23:43,475 --> 00:23:47,379
It was thought the water would freeze
in the depths of the ice.

219
00:23:47,579 --> 00:23:50,382
On the contrary,
it flows under the ice,

220
00:23:50,582 --> 00:23:55,386
carrying the ice sheet into the sea,
where it breaks into icebergs.

221
00:24:41,127 --> 00:24:43,729
As the freshwater
of Greenland's ice sheet

222
00:24:43,830 --> 00:24:46,432
seeps into the salt water of the oceans,

223
00:24:46,632 --> 00:24:50,235
low-lying lands around the globe
are threatened.

224
00:24:53,538 --> 00:24:55,540
Sea levels are rising.

225
00:24:56,541 --> 00:24:59,043
Water expanding as it gets warmer

226
00:24:59,243 --> 00:25:00,545
caused, in the 20th century alone,

227
00:25:01,545 --> 00:25:03,948
a rise of 20 centimeters.

228
00:25:04,448 --> 00:25:07,551
Everything becomes unstable.

229
00:25:07,751 --> 00:25:12,455
Coral reefs are extremely sensitive
to the slightest change

230
00:25:12,655 --> 00:25:15,558
in water temperature.
30% have disappeared.

231
00:25:15,598 --> 00:25:20,663
They are an essential link
in the chain of species.

232
00:25:24,766 --> 00:25:29,170
In the atmosphere, major wind streams
are changing direction.

233
00:25:30,171 --> 00:25:32,974
Rain cycles are altered.

234
00:25:33,174 --> 00:25:35,576
The geography of climates is modified.

235
00:25:36,577 --> 00:25:39,179
The inhabitants of low-lying islands,

236
00:25:39,279 --> 00:25:42,582
here in the Maldives, for example,
are on the front line.

237
00:25:43,283 --> 00:25:45,785
They are increasingly concerned.

238
00:25:45,885 --> 00:25:49,789
Some are already looking for new,
more hospitable lands.

239
00:25:55,494 --> 00:25:59,197
If sea levels continue to rise
faster and faster,

240
00:25:59,297 --> 00:26:04,001
what will major cities like Tokyo,
the world's most populous city, do?

241
00:26:05,303 --> 00:26:09,606
Every year, scientists' predictions
become more alarming.

242
00:26:11,608 --> 00:26:16,813
70% of the world's population
lives on coastal plains.

243
00:26:17,013 --> 00:26:19,615
11 of the 15 biggest cities

244
00:26:19,816 --> 00:26:23,219
stand on a coastline or river estuary.

245
00:26:24,220 --> 00:26:27,623
As the seas rise,
salt will invade the water table,

246
00:26:27,823 --> 00:26:30,625
depriving inhabitants
of drinking water.

247
00:26:30,665 --> 00:26:34,228
Migratory phenomena are inevitable.

248
00:26:34,429 --> 00:26:37,832
The only uncertainty
concerns their scale.

249
00:27:08,960 --> 00:27:13,163
In Africa,
Mount Kilimanjaro is unrecognizable.

250
00:27:13,764 --> 00:27:15,666
80% of its glaciers have disappeared.

251
00:27:16,667 --> 00:27:19,769
In summer,
the rivers no longer flow.

252
00:27:19,969 --> 00:27:23,373
Local peoples are affected
by the lack of water.

253
00:27:24,073 --> 00:27:28,677
Even on the world's highest peaks,
in the heart of the Himalayas,

254
00:27:28,877 --> 00:27:32,180
eternal snows and glaciers
are receding.

255
00:27:34,182 --> 00:27:38,086
Yet these glaciers play
an essential role in the water cycle.

256
00:27:38,486 --> 00:27:41,489
They trap the water
from the monsoons as ice

257
00:27:41,689 --> 00:27:44,792
and release it in the summer
when the snows melt.

258
00:27:57,903 --> 00:28:02,107
The Himalayan glaciers are the source
of all the great Asian rivers,

259
00:28:02,307 --> 00:28:06,111
the Indus, Ganges,
Mekong, Yangtze Kiang...

260
00:28:07,112 --> 00:28:11,215
2 billion people depend on them
for drinking water

261
00:28:11,416 --> 00:28:15,219
and to irrigate their crops,
as in Bangladesh.

262
00:28:16,420 --> 00:28:19,423
On the delta
of the Ganges and Brahmaputra,

263
00:28:19,623 --> 00:28:24,127
Bangladesh is directly affected
by phenomena occurring in the Himalayas

264
00:28:24,327 --> 00:28:25,528
and at sea level.

265
00:28:26,029 --> 00:28:30,132
This is one of the most populous
and poorest countries in the world.

266
00:28:30,333 --> 00:28:33,135
It is already hit by global warming.

267
00:28:33,435 --> 00:28:37,839
The combined impact of increasingly
dramatic floods and hurricanes

268
00:28:38,039 --> 00:28:41,442
could make
a third of its land mass disappear.

269
00:28:41,743 --> 00:28:44,745
When populations are subjected
to these devastating phenomena,

270
00:28:45,746 --> 00:28:48,349
they eventually move away.

271
00:28:54,054 --> 00:28:56,556
Wealthy countries will not be spared.

272
00:28:56,756 --> 00:28:59,459
Droughts are occurring
all over the planet.

273
00:28:59,559 --> 00:29:04,063
In Australia,
half of farmland is already affected.

274
00:29:15,973 --> 00:29:20,177
We are in the process of compromising
the climatic balance

275
00:29:20,377 --> 00:29:24,681
that has allowed us to develop
over 12,000 years.

276
00:29:31,788 --> 00:29:36,892
More and more wildfires
encroach on major cities.

277
00:29:37,993 --> 00:29:41,396
In turn,
they exacerbate global warming.

278
00:29:41,596 --> 00:29:44,399
As the trees burn,
they release carbon dioxide.

279
00:29:45,900 --> 00:29:50,705
The system that controls our climate
has been severely disrupted.

280
00:29:50,905 --> 00:29:55,008
The elements on which it relies
have been disrupted.

281
00:30:26,136 --> 00:30:31,041
The clock of climate change is ticking
in these magnificent landscapes.

282
00:30:31,541 --> 00:30:35,044
Here in Siberia,
and elsewhere across the globe,

283
00:30:35,144 --> 00:30:38,748
it is so cold
that the ground is constantly frozen.

284
00:30:38,848 --> 00:30:42,651
It's known as permafrost.

285
00:30:42,751 --> 00:30:46,855
Under its surface
lies a climatic time-bomb.

286
00:30:47,055 --> 00:30:48,356
Methane,

287
00:30:48,556 --> 00:30:53,161
a greenhouse gas 20 times
more powerful than carbon dioxide.

288
00:31:08,174 --> 00:31:09,876
If the permafrost melts,

289
00:31:10,076 --> 00:31:13,379
the methane releases would cause
the greenhouse effect

290
00:31:13,579 --> 00:31:17,783
to race out of control
with consequences no one can predict.

291
00:31:23,187 --> 00:31:27,792
We would literally
be in unknown territory.

292
00:31:35,398 --> 00:31:39,402
Humanity has no more than 10 years
to reverse the trend

293
00:31:39,602 --> 00:31:42,605
and avoid
crossing into this territory...

294
00:31:43,305 --> 00:31:46,308
Life on Earth
as we have never known it.

295
00:32:13,933 --> 00:32:18,337
We have created phenomena
we cannot control.

296
00:32:18,537 --> 00:32:19,838
Since our origins,

297
00:32:20,038 --> 00:32:24,643
water, air and forms of life
are intimately linked.

298
00:32:26,744 --> 00:32:30,348
But recently
we have broken those links.

299
00:32:31,849 --> 00:32:32,950
Let's face the facts.

300
00:32:32,990 --> 00:32:36,253
We must believe what we know.

301
00:32:39,156 --> 00:32:43,559
All we have just seen is a reflection
of human behavior.

302
00:32:45,061 --> 00:32:48,364
We have shaped the Earth in our image.

303
00:32:48,864 --> 00:32:51,567
We have very little time to change.

304
00:32:52,167 --> 00:32:56,771
How can this century carry the burden
of 9 billion human beings

305
00:32:56,871 --> 00:32:59,574
if we refuse to be called to account

306
00:32:59,674 --> 00:33:02,877
for everything we alone have done?

307
00:33:10,283 --> 00:33:15,888
20% of the world's population
consumes 80% of its resources

308
00:33:35,606 --> 00:33:39,009
The world spends
12 times more on military expenditures

309
00:33:40,010 --> 00:33:42,713
than on aid to developing countries

310
00:33:55,624 --> 00:33:59,928
5,000 people a day die
because of dirty drinking water

311
00:34:00,128 --> 00:34:04,532
1 billion people
have no access to safe drinking water

312
00:34:15,442 --> 00:34:20,246
Nearly 1 billion people are going hungry

313
00:34:34,559 --> 00:34:39,563
Over 50% of grain
traded around the world

314
00:34:39,764 --> 00:34:44,067
is used for animal feed or biofuels

315
00:34:57,079 --> 00:35:02,084
40% of arable land
has suffered long-term damage

316
00:35:14,995 --> 00:35:19,499
Every year,
13 million hectares of forest disappear

317
00:35:31,410 --> 00:35:37,315
1 mammal in 4, 1 bird in 8, 1 amphibian
in 3 are threatened with extinction

318
00:35:37,415 --> 00:35:42,820
Species are dying out at a rhythm
1,000 times faster than the natural rate

319
00:35:52,629 --> 00:35:57,033
Three quarters of fishing grounds
are exhausted,

320
00:35:57,233 --> 00:35:59,935
depleted or in dangerous decline

321
00:36:09,844 --> 00:36:13,147
The average temperature
of the last 15 years

322
00:36:13,348 --> 00:36:15,750
has been the highest ever recorded

323
00:36:30,363 --> 00:36:35,768
The ice cap is 40% thinner
than 40 years ago

324
00:36:47,178 --> 00:36:56,086
There may be at least 200 million
climate refugees by 2050

325
00:37:03,793 --> 00:37:05,194
The cost of our actions is high.

326
00:37:05,234 --> 00:37:09,598
Others pay the price
without having been actively involved.

327
00:37:09,998 --> 00:37:12,000
I have seen refugee camps

328
00:37:12,200 --> 00:37:15,103
as big as cities,
sprawling in the desert.

329
00:37:15,703 --> 00:37:17,905
How many men,
women and children

330
00:37:18,106 --> 00:37:20,207
will be left by the wayside tomorrow?

331
00:37:21,108 --> 00:37:25,012
Must we always build walls
to break the chain of human solidarity,

332
00:37:25,112 --> 00:37:26,413
separate peoples

333
00:37:26,613 --> 00:37:30,316
and protect the happiness of some
from others' misery?

334
00:37:30,417 --> 00:37:32,218
It's too late to be a pessimist.

335
00:37:32,919 --> 00:37:36,522
I know that a single human
can knock down every wall.

336
00:37:36,722 --> 00:37:38,624
It's too late to be a pessimist.

337
00:37:38,724 --> 00:37:42,227
Worldwide,
4 children out of 5 attend school.

338
00:37:42,427 --> 00:37:45,530
Never has learning been given
to so many human beings.

339
00:37:45,630 --> 00:37:49,334
Everyone, from richest to poorest,
can make a contribution.

340
00:37:49,534 --> 00:37:52,036
Lesotho,
one of the world's poorest countries,

341
00:37:52,136 --> 00:37:56,640
is proportionally the one that invests
most in its people's education.

342
00:37:56,840 --> 00:38:01,745
Qatar, one of the richest states,
has opened up to the best universities.

343
00:38:01,945 --> 00:38:04,247
Culture, education,
research and innovation

344
00:38:04,287 --> 00:38:07,350
are inexhaustible resources.

345
00:38:07,450 --> 00:38:09,251
In the face of misery and suffering,

346
00:38:09,452 --> 00:38:12,654
millions of NGOs prove that solidarity

347
00:38:12,755 --> 00:38:16,258
between peoples is stronger
than the selfishness of nations.

348
00:38:16,298 --> 00:38:19,761
In Bangladesh,
a man thought the unthinkable

349
00:38:19,961 --> 00:38:22,563
and founded a bank
that lends only to the poor.

350
00:38:22,764 --> 00:38:27,868
In 30 years, it has changed
the lives of 150 million people.

351
00:38:27,968 --> 00:38:31,772
Antarctica is a continent
with immense natural resources

352
00:38:31,972 --> 00:38:34,274
that no country can claim for itself,

353
00:38:34,474 --> 00:38:38,077
a natural reserve
devoted to peace and science.

354
00:38:38,277 --> 00:38:40,579
A treaty signed by 49 states

355
00:38:40,680 --> 00:38:43,682
has made it a treasure
shared by all humanity.

356
00:38:43,782 --> 00:38:45,784
It's too late to be a pessimist.

357
00:38:45,984 --> 00:38:50,488
Governments have acted to protect
nearly 2% of territorial waters.

358
00:38:50,689 --> 00:38:54,292
It's not much but it's 2 times more
than 10 years ago.

359
00:38:54,492 --> 00:38:58,095
The first natural parks were created
just over a century ago.

360
00:38:58,195 --> 00:39:01,398
They cover over 13% of the continents.

361
00:39:01,598 --> 00:39:03,500
They create spaces
where human activity

362
00:39:03,600 --> 00:39:08,204
is in step with the preservation
of species, soils and landscapes.

363
00:39:08,404 --> 00:39:12,308
This harmony between humans and nature
can become the rule,

364
00:39:12,508 --> 00:39:14,210
no longer the exception.

365
00:39:14,410 --> 00:39:18,213
In the US, New York has realized
what nature does for us.

366
00:39:18,413 --> 00:39:21,716
These forests and lakes
supply all the city's drinking water.

367
00:39:22,917 --> 00:39:26,921
In South Korea,
the forests had been devastated by war.

368
00:39:27,121 --> 00:39:29,724
Thanks to
a national reforestation program,

369
00:39:29,924 --> 00:39:33,026
they once more cover
65% of the country.

370
00:39:33,127 --> 00:39:36,530
More than 75% of paper is recycled.

371
00:39:36,830 --> 00:39:41,334
Costa Rica has made a choice between
military spending and land conservation.

372
00:39:41,374 --> 00:39:43,836
The country no longer has an army.

373
00:39:44,036 --> 00:39:47,640
It prefers to devote its resources
to education, ecotourism

374
00:39:47,840 --> 00:39:50,342
and the protection
of its primary forest.

375
00:39:50,542 --> 00:39:53,645
Gabon is one of the world's
leading producers of wood.

376
00:39:53,745 --> 00:39:58,549
It enforces selective logging.
Not more than 1 tree every hectare.

377
00:39:58,649 --> 00:40:02,253
Its forests are one of the country's
most important resources,

378
00:40:02,453 --> 00:40:04,855
but they have time to regenerate.

379
00:40:05,055 --> 00:40:08,759
Programs exist that guarantee
sustainable forest management.

380
00:40:08,959 --> 00:40:10,960
They must become mandatory.

381
00:40:11,861 --> 00:40:15,865
For consumers and producers,
justice is an opportunity to be seized.

382
00:40:16,766 --> 00:40:20,269
When trade is fair,
when both buyer and seller benefit,

383
00:40:20,469 --> 00:40:24,072
everybody can prosper
and earn a decent living.

384
00:40:24,873 --> 00:40:27,075
How can there be justice and equity

385
00:40:27,275 --> 00:40:30,378
between people
whose only tools are their hands

386
00:40:30,578 --> 00:40:34,682
and those who harvest their crops
with a machine and state subsidies?

387
00:40:37,885 --> 00:40:40,687
Let's be responsible consumers.

388
00:40:40,787 --> 00:40:43,089
Think about what we buy!

389
00:40:46,492 --> 00:40:47,393
It's too late to be a pessimist.

390
00:40:48,894 --> 00:40:51,697
I have seen agriculture
on a human scale.

391
00:40:51,797 --> 00:40:53,399
It can feed the whole planet

392
00:40:53,439 --> 00:40:58,203
if meat production doesn't take
the food out of people's mouths.

393
00:40:58,803 --> 00:41:02,006
I have seen fishermen
who take care what they catch

394
00:41:02,106 --> 00:41:04,709
and care for the riches of the ocean.

395
00:41:05,609 --> 00:41:07,411
I have seen houses
producing their own energy.

396
00:41:08,412 --> 00:41:10,714
5,000 people live in the world's

397
00:41:10,814 --> 00:41:14,317
first ever eco-friendly district
in Freiburg, Germany.

398
00:41:14,517 --> 00:41:16,619
Other cities partner the project.

399
00:41:16,820 --> 00:41:19,522
Mumbai is the thousandth to join them.

400
00:41:19,822 --> 00:41:24,626
The governments of New Zealand, Iceland,
Austria, Sweden and other nations

401
00:41:24,827 --> 00:41:27,929
have made the development
of renewable energy sources

402
00:41:28,130 --> 00:41:29,831
a top priority.

403
00:41:30,632 --> 00:41:35,837
80% of the energy we consume
comes from fossil energy sources.

404
00:41:36,037 --> 00:41:36,837
Every week,

405
00:41:37,038 --> 00:41:40,441
two new coal-fired generating plants
are built in China alone.

406
00:41:41,542 --> 00:41:45,745
But I have also seen, in Denmark,
a prototype of a coal-fired plant

407
00:41:45,846 --> 00:41:49,649
that releases carbon into the soil
rather than the air.

408
00:41:49,749 --> 00:41:52,752
A solution for the future?
Nobody knows yet.

409
00:41:52,952 --> 00:41:54,854
I have seen, in Iceland,

410
00:41:55,054 --> 00:41:57,656
an electricity plant
powered by the Earth's heat.

411
00:41:57,856 --> 00:41:59,358
Geothermal power.

412
00:41:59,558 --> 00:42:01,460
I have seen a sea snake

413
00:42:01,660 --> 00:42:04,762
lying on the swell
to absorb the energy of the waves

414
00:42:04,863 --> 00:42:06,864
and produce electricity.

415
00:42:07,665 --> 00:42:09,467
I have seen wind farms
off Denmark's coast

416
00:42:10,468 --> 00:42:13,771
that produce 20%
of the country's electricity.

417
00:42:13,871 --> 00:42:19,476
The USA, China, India, Germany
and Spain are the biggest investors

418
00:42:19,776 --> 00:42:20,477
in renewable energy.

419
00:42:21,477 --> 00:42:25,181
They have already created
over 2.5 million jobs.

420
00:42:25,681 --> 00:42:28,284
Where on earth
doesn't the wind blow?

421
00:42:29,385 --> 00:42:33,488
I have seen desert expanses
baking in the sun.

422
00:42:33,989 --> 00:42:36,391
Everything on Earth is linked,

423
00:42:36,591 --> 00:42:40,695
and the Earth is linked to the sun,
its original energy source.

424
00:42:40,895 --> 00:42:44,098
Can humans not imitate plants
and capture its energy?

425
00:42:44,798 --> 00:42:49,202
In one hour, the sun gives the Earth
the same amount of energy

426
00:42:49,402 --> 00:42:53,206
as that consumed
by all humanity in one year.

427
00:42:53,306 --> 00:42:57,910
As long as the Earth exists,
the sun's energy will be inexhaustible.

428
00:42:58,010 --> 00:42:59,011
All we have to do

429
00:42:59,211 --> 00:43:01,513
is stop drilling the Earth
and start looking to the sky.

430
00:43:02,514 --> 00:43:05,617
All we have to do
is learn to cultivate the sun.

431
00:43:05,817 --> 00:43:07,519
All these experiments
are only examples,

432
00:43:07,559 --> 00:43:10,722
but they testify to a new awareness.

433
00:43:10,822 --> 00:43:14,025
They lay down markers
for a new human adventure

434
00:43:14,225 --> 00:43:18,128
based on moderation,
intelligence and sharing.

435
00:43:33,542 --> 00:43:36,845
It's time to come together.

436
00:43:37,746 --> 00:43:39,547
What's important

437
00:43:39,748 --> 00:43:41,549
is not what's gone,

438
00:43:41,749 --> 00:43:44,152
but what remains.

439
00:43:45,853 --> 00:43:48,856
We still have
half the world's forests,

440
00:43:48,956 --> 00:43:54,361
thousands of rivers, lakes and glaciers,
and thousands of thriving species.

441
00:43:57,664 --> 00:44:01,267
We know that the solutions
are there today.

442
00:44:02,268 --> 00:44:05,270
We all have the power to change.

443
00:44:06,972 --> 00:44:09,274
So what are we waiting for?